List of states of matter – Wikipedia
States of matter are distinguished by changes in the properties of matter associated with external factors like pressure and temperature. States are usually distinguished by a discontinuity in one of those properties—for example, raising the temperature of ice produces a discontinuity in an increase in temperature. The three classical states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. In the 20th century, however, increased understanding of the more exotic properties of matter resulted in the identification of many additional states of matter, none of which are observed in normal conditions.
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Low-energy states of matter[edit]
Low-energy states of matter[edit]
Các Phần Chính Bài Viết
Classical states[edit]
- Solid: A solid holds a definite shape and volume without a container. The particles are held very close to each other.
- Amorphous solid: A solid in which there is no far-range order of the positions of the atoms.
- Crystalline solid: A solid in which atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in regular order.
- Plastic crystal: A molecular solid with long-range positional order but with constituent molecules retaining rotational freedom.
- Quasicrystal: A solid in which the positions of the atoms have long-range order, but this is not in a repeating pattern.
- Liquid: A mostly non-compressible fluid. Able to conform to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure.
- Liquid crystal: Properties intermediate between liquids and crystals. Generally, able to flow like a liquid but exhibiting long-range order.
- Gas: A compressible fluid. Not only will a gas take the shape of its container but it will also expand to fill the container.
Modern states[edit]
High energy states[edit]
- Quark–gluon plasma: A phase in which up-quarks and down-quarks become free and able to move independently (rather than being perpetually bound into particles, or bound to each other in a quantum lock where exerting force adds energy and eventually solidifies into another quark) in an ocean of gluons (subatomic particles that transmit the strong force that binds quarks together). May be briefly attainable in particle accelerators, or possibly inside neutron stars.
- For up to 10−35 seconds after the Big Bang, the energy density of the universe was so high that the four forces of nature – strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational – are thought to have been unified into one single force. The state of matter at this time is unknown. As the universe expanded, the temperature and density dropped and the gravitational force separated, a process called symmetry breaking.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^A. Pickover, Clifford (2011). “Plasma”. The Physics Book. Sterling. pp. 248–249. ISBN 978-1-4027-7861-2.
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